Central nervous system involvement of children with HIV infection.

The neurological findings in 41 HIV-seropositive children are described. 23 children were symptomatic, eight seropositive but without symptoms and 10 seropositive children less than 15 months of age had no other evidence of immunodeficiency. Acquired microcephaly, developmental regression and progressive motor deterioration indicated HIV encephalopathy, as did developmental delay, mental retardation, cerebellar symptoms and behavioural changes. Three children with progressive encephalopathy improved after treatment with azidothymidine (AZT). In eight children treated with prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) and seven treated with both IVIG and AZT, no mental deterioration has been observed since the beginning of therapy. One child with advanced encephalopathy and severe pyramidal tract involvement did not improve.