Postoperative hemorrhage after major pancreatobiliary surgery: an update.

In recent years, mortality associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy has come down to less than 5% but morbidity still remains high. Pancreatic fistula is one of the most common complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage is a rare but disastrous complication and associated with poor outcome. Early bleeding is usually due to some surgical mishap, but the management is simpler. Delayed hemorrhage has more complex pathophysiology and requires a multimodality approach for its management. In this paper, we review the recent articles related to postoperative hemorrhage after major pancreatobiliary surgery. Here we discuss the incidence, cause, investigations and management of early and late postoperative hemorrhage.