Strategies toward the improved oral delivery of insulin nanoparticles via gastrointestinal uptake and translocation.

The design of strategies that improve the absorption of insulin through the gastrointestinal tract is a considerable challenge in the pharmaceutical sciences and would significantly enhance the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Several strategies have been devised to overcome physiologic and morphologic barriers to insulin absorption, including the inhibition of acidic and enzymatic degradation, enhancement of membrane permeability or widening of tight junctions, chemical modification of insulin, and the formulation of carrier systems. In particular, the concept of nanoparticulate carriers for oral insulin delivery has evolved through remarkable advances in nanotechnology. Investigations focused on uptake and translocation via Peyer's patches have demonstrated high levels of nanoparticle absorption based on significant alterations in the glycemic response to various glucogenic sources. This paper reviews the mechanisms for insulin and particle uptake and translocation through the gastrointestinal tract, and the potential barriers to this, outlines the design of nanoparticulate carriers for the oral delivery of insulin, and presents prospects for its clinical application.