OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of improved nutrition in early life with adult intellectual functioning, controlling for years of schooling. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four villages in Guatemala, as well as locations within Guatemala to which cohort members migrated. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who had participated as children in a nutrition supplementation intervention trial from March 1, 1969, through February 28, 1977 (N = 2392). From May 1, 2002, through April 30, 2004, adequate information for analysis was obtained from 1448 of 2118 individuals (68.4%) not known to have died. INTERVENTIONS: Individuals exposed to atole (a protein-rich enhanced nutrition supplement) at birth through age 24 months were compared with those exposed to the supplement at other ages or to fresco, a sugar-sweetened beverage. We measured years of schooling by interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on the Serie Interamericana (InterAmerican Series) tests of reading comprehension and the Raven Progressive Matrices, obtained from May 1, 2002, through April 30, 2004. RESULTS: In models controlling for years of schooling and other predictors of intellectual functioning, exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months was associated with an increase of 3.46 points (95% confidence interval, -1.26 to 8.18) and 1.74 points (95% confidence interval, 0.53-2.95) on the InterAmerican Series and Raven Progressive Matrices tests, respectively. There was no statistical interaction between exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months and years of schooling on either outcome (P = .24 and P = .60, respectively). CONCLUSION: Improved early-life nutrition is associated with increased intellectual functioning in adulthood after taking into account the effect of schooling.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of improved nutrition in early life with adult intellectual functioning, controlling for years of schooling. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four villages in Guatemala, as well as locations within Guatemala to which cohort members migrated. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals who had participated as children in a nutrition supplementation intervention trial from March 1, 1969, through February 28, 1977 (N = 2392). From May 1, 2002, through April 30, 2004, adequate information for analysis was obtained from 1448 of 2118 individuals (68.4%) not known to have died. INTERVENTIONS: Individuals exposed to atole (a protein-rich enhanced nutrition supplement) at birth through age 24 months were compared with those exposed to the supplement at other ages or to fresco, a sugar-sweetened beverage. We measured years of schooling by interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on the Serie Interamericana (InterAmerican Series) tests of reading comprehension and the Raven Progressive Matrices, obtained from May 1, 2002, through April 30, 2004. RESULTS: In models controlling for years of schooling and other predictors of intellectual functioning, exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months was associated with an increase of 3.46 points (95% confidence interval, -1.26 to 8.18) and 1.74 points (95% confidence interval, 0.53-2.95) on the InterAmerican Series and Raven Progressive Matrices tests, respectively. There was no statistical interaction between exposure to atole at birth to age 24 months and years of schooling on either outcome (P = .24 and P = .60, respectively). CONCLUSION: Improved early-life nutrition is associated with increased intellectual functioning in adulthood after taking into account the effect of schooling.
Authors: Susan P Walker; Theodore D Wachs; Julie Meeks Gardner; Betsy Lozoff; Gail A Wasserman; Ernesto Pollitt; Julie A Carter Journal: Lancet Date: 2007-01-13 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Rubén Grajeda; Jere R Behrman; Rafael Flores; John A Maluccio; Reynaldo Martorell; Aryeh D Stein Journal: Food Nutr Bull Date: 2005-06 Impact factor: 2.069
Authors: Sally Grantham-McGregor; Yin Bun Cheung; Santiago Cueto; Paul Glewwe; Linda Richter; Barbara Strupp Journal: Lancet Date: 2007-01-06 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Janina R Galler; Cyralene Bryce; Deborah P Waber; Miriam L Zichlin; Garret M Fitzmaurice; David Eaglesfield Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2012-06-25 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: Richard L Guerrant; Mark D DeBoer; Sean R Moore; Rebecca J Scharf; Aldo A M Lima Journal: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol Date: 2012-12-11 Impact factor: 46.802
Authors: Janina R Galler; Cyralene P Bryce; Miriam L Zichlin; Garrett Fitzmaurice; G David Eaglesfield; Deborah P Waber Journal: J Nutr Date: 2012-02-29 Impact factor: 4.798
Authors: Deborah P Waber; Cyralene P Bryce; Garrett M Fitzmaurice; Miriam L Zichlin; Jill McGaughy; Jonathan M Girard; Janina R Galler Journal: Neuropsychology Date: 2014-03-17 Impact factor: 3.295
Authors: Reynaldo Martorell; Bernardo L Horta; Linda S Adair; Aryeh D Stein; Linda Richter; Caroline H D Fall; Santosh K Bhargava; S K Dey Biswas; Lorna Perez; Fernando C Barros; Cesar G Victora Journal: J Nutr Date: 2009-12-09 Impact factor: 4.798