Processes impacting on benzene removal in vertical-flow constructed wetlands.

The overall aim of this research project was to reduce low molecular weight hydrocarbons such as benzene in produced wastewaters. Over 30 months of research was conducted to test the treatment performance in terms of benzene removal in vertical-flow constructed wetlands. Based on an influent concentration of 1 g L(-1) benzene, the results show mean benzene removal efficiencies between 88.71% and 89.77%, and 72.66% and 80.46% for indoor and outdoor constructed wetlands, respectively. A statistical analysis indicated that the five days at 20 degrees C N-allylthiourea biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N), dissolved oxygen (DO) and electric conductivity (EC) values of the effluent were positively correlated with the effluent benzene concentrations following the order COD>DO>EC>NO(3)-N>BOD(5), and negatively correlated according to the order pH>redox potential (redox)>temperature (T)>turbidity. No strong relationships between benzene and the variables ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO(4)(3-)) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH(4)-N) were recorded.