Bartonella quintana and Coxiella burnetii as causes of endocarditis, India.

To the Editor: In industrialized countries, blood culture is negative for 2.5%–31% of infectious endocarditis cases (). In developing countries such as South Africa (), Algeria (), and Pakistan (), culture is negative for 48% to 56%. Negative cultures delay diagnosis and treatment, which profoundly affects clinical outcome. Negative blood cultures commonly result from previous administration of antimicrobial drugs, right-sided endocarditis, or fastidious or noncultivable pathogens (). Our aim was to identify fastidious agents of blood culture–negative endocarditis by serology. Because of recent attention to zoonotic microorganisms as agents of this condition in developing countries (), we investigated the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp., and Brucella melitensis among endocarditis patients in India.

We cultured blood from 111 patients admitted to the Government General Hospital, Chennai, India, from August 2005 through December 2006, with a diagnosis of infectious endocarditis according to the Duke criteria (). Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Three blood samples from each patient, collected at hourly intervals, were inoculated into brain–heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.04% sodium polyanethol sulfonate (HiMedia, Mumbai, India). Cultures were incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 14 days and checked each day for turbidity. Subcultures were made on 5% sheep blood and MacConkey agar at 37°C at 24 hours, 48 hours, and when culture broth appeared turbid.

Blood cultures were negative for 80 (72%) of the 111 patients. Serum from 63 patients was available for serologic testing. Of these patients, 30 were male and 33 were female; age range was 5–65 years and mean age was 25.5 years. Endocarditis involved the native valve for 60 (95.23%) and a prosthetic valve for 3 (4.76%). The most frequent predisposing factor was rheumatic heart disease, found in 38 (60.31%). Of the 60 with native valve endocarditis, the involved valve was mitral for most (36, 60.0%), followed by aortic (8, 13.33%), tricuspid (7, 11.66%), and pulmonary (1, 1.66%); 8 (13.33%) had both valvular and nonvalvular endocarditis. Of the 3 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis, the involved valve was mitral for 2 and aortic for 1.

Serum samples were screened for Bartonella spp. and C. burnetii by microimmunofluorescence (,). A diagnosis of endocarditis was based on an immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer >800 to phase I C. burnetii; this titer has a positive predictive value of 98% (). A diagnosis of Bartonella infection was based on the combination of a positive microimmunofluorescence titer (IgG to B. quintana or B. henselae >200) and a Western blot profile consistent with endocarditis ().

Identification of the causative species was obtained by Western blot after cross-adsorption with either B. henselae or B. quintana antigens (). Antibodies to B. melitensis were detected by agglutination by using the Rose Bengal and Brucella Wright tests (both from BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Of the 63 patients, 9 had a positive antibody response against a tested antigen (Table): 1 to phase I C. burnetii and 8 to Bartonella spp. (IgG >200). Of these, 7 had a 1-fold dilution higher titer to B. quintana than to B. henselae, including 1 with a low-level cross-reaction with C. burnetii, and 1 had identical titers to both. For all 8 patients, Western blot results were consistent with Bartonella endocarditis. For 7, cross-adsorption identified B. quintana as the causative species; for the other, the infecting Bartonella species remained undetermined because adsorption with B. quintana and B. henselae antigens removed all antibodies. Serologic results for B. melitensis were negative for all patients.

Table

Clinical findings and causative agent for 9 patients with blood culture–negative endocarditis, India, August 2005–December 2006*

Patient age, y/sex	Underlying cardiac condition	Echocardiographic findings	IgG titer to Bartonella spp.	IgG titer to Coxiella burnetii phase I	Causative agent
25/F	Right atrium fistula	Vegetation attached to tricuspid valve	400	100	Bartonella quintana
46/M	Rheumatic heart disease	Vegetation attached to anterior mitral leaflet	0	800	Coxiella burnetii
14/M	Rheumatic heart disease	Vegetation attached to tip of anterior mitral leaflet	200	0	B. quintana
13/M	Rheumatic heart disease	Vegetation attached to anterior mitral leaflet	200	0	B. quintana
28/M	Bicuspid aortic valve disease	Vegetation attached to anterior coronary cusp of aortic valve	400	0	B. quintana
30/M	Rheumatic heart disease	Vegetation attached to both anterior and posterior mitral leaflet extending to chordae tendinae	200	0	B. quintana
50/F	Rheumatic heart disease	Vegetation attached to noncoronary cusp of aortic valve	400	0	Bartonella spp.
40/M	Bicuspid aortic valve disease	Calcified aortic valve	400	0	B. quintana
40/M	Double chamber right ventricle and subaortic perimembranous ventricular septal defect	Vegetation attached to right atrium anterior leaf of tricuspid valve and lateral cusp of pulmonary valve	800	0	B. quintana

*Ig, immunoglobulin.

B. quintana is mostly associated with human body lice but has also been found in fleas (). The predisposing factors for B. quintana endocarditis are homelessness, alcoholism, and exposure to body lice (). For our patients, the common predisposing factors were poor hygiene and low socioeconomic status, which may expose them to ectoparasites including lice and fleas. In contrast with previous study findings, B. quintana infectious endocarditis developed on preexisting valvular lesions in all patients (). This finding may reflect a different clinical evolution than in Europe, where studies have suggested that B. quintana infectious endocarditis followed chronic bacteremia in patients who did not have previous valvular defects ().

In summary, prevalence of negative blood culture among patients with infectious endocarditis was high (72%). The most commonly associated risk factor was rheumatic heart disease (Table). C. burnetii and Bartonella spp. were responsible for 8% of all infectious endocarditis cases and 14% of blood culture–negative cases. No case of infectious endocarditis caused by B. melitensis was identified.

Our preliminary study suggests that zoonotic agents, especially Bartonella spp., are prevalent causative organisms of blood culture–negative endocarditis in India. We recommend serologic screening for antibodies to zoonotic microorganisms as diagnostic tools for this disease in India.