Crossflow microfiltration of animal cells.

Laminar shear is the primary mechanism of cell damage, limiting flow rate (and hence flux) in crossflow microfiltration of animal cells. Sensitivity to hydrodynamic and interfacial stress is reduced by the addition of 0.1% Pluronic polyol. A critical average wall shear rate of 3000 s(-1) (above which damage occurs) is found for several cell types, including mammalian and insect cells. Hydrodynamic stress also limits the maximum tip speed in a rotary lobe pump to less than 350 cm/s. Turbulent flow in the recirculation loop piping at Reynolds numbers of up to 71,000 does not cause cell damage. Maximum sustainable flux decreases with cell concentration and increases with cell size (in qualitative agreement with the hydrodynamic lift model). A flux of 30 to 75 L/m(2) h (depending on cell size) can be sustained during 20-fold concentration from 2.5 x 10(6) cells/ml, while maintaining high cell viability.