Fine-scale differentiation between sockeye salmon ecotypes and the effect of phenotype on straying.

A long-standing goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the factors that drive population divergence, local adaptation and speciation. In particular, the effect of selection against dispersers on gene flow and local adaptation has attracted interest, although empirical data on phenotypic characters of dispersers are scarce. Here, we used genetic and phenotypic data from beach and creek ecotypes of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Little Togiak Lake, Alaska, to examine the relationship between gene flow and phenotypic and genetic differentiation. Despite close geographic proximity, both genetic and phenotypic differentiation between beach and creek fish was high and significant in all sampling years, with beach males having deeper bodies than creek males. Strays, or fish that did not return to their natal sites to spawn as determined by genetic assignment, tended to morphologically resemble the fish in the population that they joined. Male strays from beaches to creeks were shallower bodied than other beach fish, and male strays from creeks to beaches were deeper bodied than other creek males. Our results indicated that selection against strays may be moderated by the strays' phenotypic similarity to individuals in the recipient populations, but comparison of assignment results with long-term estimates of gene flow from F(ST) still suggested that strays had low reproductive success.