Long-term survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle effluents and environment: an updated review.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are one of the most important emergent foodborne pathogens. STEC are common as colonizers in the intestine of healthy cattle and are spread into the environment by fecal shedding or following the surface application of farm effluent on soil. The bacteria can be transmitted to humans through food, such as inadequately cooked ground beef or unpasteurized milk. During the last decade, a wide variety of environmentally related exposures have emerged as new routes of transmission. Major outbreaks due to the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables or accidental ingestion of soil or water contaminated by STEC have been increasingly reported. STEC survival in cattle effluents, soil, plants and water is discussed in the light of new knowledge regarding both biotic and abiotic factors which may affect their survival or enhance their dissemination in the environment. The ability to persist in cattle production environments contributes to the contamination and recontamination of cattle, as well as for human infection. Consequently, effective control strategies must be considered on cattle farms, in order to limit entry of STEC cells into the environment.