BACKGROUND: Little is known about the amount and availability of surgical care globally. We estimated the number of major operations undertaken worldwide, described their distribution, and assessed the importance of surgical care in global public-health policy. METHODS: We gathered demographic, health, and economic data for 192 member states of WHO. Data for the rate of surgery were sought from several sources including governmental agencies, statistical and epidemiological organisations, published studies, and individuals involved in surgical policy initiatives. We also obtained per-head total expenditure on health from analyses done in 2004. Major surgery was defined as any intervention occurring in a hospital operating theatre involving the incision, excision, manipulation, or suturing of tissue, usually requiring regional or general anaesthesia or sedation. We created a model to estimate rates of major surgery for countries for which such data were unavailable, then used demographic information to calculate the total worldwide volume of surgery. FINDINGS: We obtained surgical data for 56 (29%) of 192 WHO member states. We estimated that 234.2 (95% CI 187.2-281.2) million major surgical procedures are undertaken every year worldwide. Countries spending US$100 or less per head on health care have an estimated mean rate of major surgery of 295 (SE 53) procedures per 100 000 population per year, whereas those spending more than $1000 have a mean rate of 11 110 (SE 1300; p<0.0001). Middle-expenditure ($401-1000) and high-expenditure (>$1000) countries, accounting for 30.2% of the world's population, provided 73.6% (172.3 million) of operations worldwide in 2004, whereas poor-expenditure (</=$100) countries account for 34.8% of the global population yet undertook only 3.5% (8.1 million) of all surgical procedures in 2004. INTERPRETATION: Worldwide volume of surgery is large. In view of the high death and complication rates of major surgical procedures, surgical safety should now be a substantial global public-health concern. The disproportionate scarcity of surgical access in low-income settings suggests a large unaddressed disease burden worldwide. Public-health efforts and surveillance in surgery should be established.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the amount and availability of surgical care globally. We estimated the number of major operations undertaken worldwide, described their distribution, and assessed the importance of surgical care in global public-health policy. METHODS: We gathered demographic, health, and economic data for 192 member states of WHO. Data for the rate of surgery were sought from several sources including governmental agencies, statistical and epidemiological organisations, published studies, and individuals involved in surgical policy initiatives. We also obtained per-head total expenditure on health from analyses done in 2004. Major surgery was defined as any intervention occurring in a hospital operating theatre involving the incision, excision, manipulation, or suturing of tissue, usually requiring regional or general anaesthesia or sedation. We created a model to estimate rates of major surgery for countries for which such data were unavailable, then used demographic information to calculate the total worldwide volume of surgery. FINDINGS: We obtained surgical data for 56 (29%) of 192 WHO member states. We estimated that 234.2 (95% CI 187.2-281.2) million major surgical procedures are undertaken every year worldwide. Countries spending US$100 or less per head on health care have an estimated mean rate of major surgery of 295 (SE 53) procedures per 100 000 population per year, whereas those spending more than $1000 have a mean rate of 11 110 (SE 1300; p<0.0001). Middle-expenditure ($401-1000) and high-expenditure (>$1000) countries, accounting for 30.2% of the world's population, provided 73.6% (172.3 million) of operations worldwide in 2004, whereas poor-expenditure (</=$100) countries account for 34.8% of the global population yet undertook only 3.5% (8.1 million) of all surgical procedures in 2004. INTERPRETATION: Worldwide volume of surgery is large. In view of the high death and complication rates of major surgical procedures, surgical safety should now be a substantial global public-health concern. The disproportionate scarcity of surgical access in low-income settings suggests a large unaddressed disease burden worldwide. Public-health efforts and surveillance in surgery should be established.
Authors: Agnieszka A Zurek; Jieying Yu; Dian-Shi Wang; Sean C Haffey; Erica M Bridgwater; Antonello Penna; Irene Lecker; Gang Lei; Tom Chang; Eric W R Salter; Beverley A Orser Journal: J Clin Invest Date: 2014-11-03 Impact factor: 14.808
Authors: Allison F Linden; Francis Serufusa Sekidde; Moses Galukande; Lisa Marie Knowlton; Smita Chackungal; K A Kelly McQueen Journal: World J Surg Date: 2012-05 Impact factor: 3.352
Authors: Steve Kwon; T Peter Kingham; Thaim B Kamara; Lawrence Sherman; Eileen Natuzzi; Charles Mock; Adam Kushner Journal: World J Surg Date: 2012-02 Impact factor: 3.352
Authors: Reinou S Groen; Mohamed Samai; Robin T Petroze; Thaim B Kamara; Sahr E Yambasu; James F Calland; T Peter Kingham; Thomas M Guterbock; Barbara Choo; Adam L Kushner Journal: World J Surg Date: 2012-04 Impact factor: 3.352
Authors: Victor W Wong; Bill Beasley; John Zepeda; Reinhold H Dauskardt; Paul G Yock; Michael T Longaker; Geoffrey C Gurtner Journal: Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) Date: 2013-05 Impact factor: 4.730
Authors: Mark A Brouillette; Scott P Kaiser; Peter Konadu; Raphael A Kumah-Ametepey; Alfred J Aidoo; Richard C Coughlin Journal: World J Surg Date: 2014-04 Impact factor: 3.352