Metal binding affinity and selectivity in metalloproteins: insights from computational studies.

This review highlights insights gained from computational studies on protein-metal recognition. We systematically dissect the various factors governing metal binding affinity and selectivity in proteins starting from (a) the intrinsic properties of the metal and neighboring metal cations (if present), to (b) the primary coordination sphere, (c) the second coordination shell, (d) the protein matrix, (e) the bulk solvent, and (f) competing non-protein ligands from the surrounding biological environment. The results herein reveal the fundamental principles and the molecular bases underlying protein-metal recognition, which serve as a guide to engineer novel metalloproteins with programmed properties.