Tropical field endocrinology: ecology and evolution of testosterone concentrations in male birds.

Comparative research on natural populations of vertebrates, in particular avian species, has been instrumental in documenting the existence of interspecific variation in the hormonal regulation of behavior. Studies on tropical birds, which tend to experience ecological conditions that diverge from those of higher latitude birds, have been invaluable in showcasing such variation. Here we review recent advances in tropical avian field endocrinology, focusing on male circulating testosterone concentrations during the breeding season. We summarize the evidence for a decrease in male circulating testosterone concentrations from high towards low latitudes. We revisit both established and recently proposed ecological hypotheses that attempt to explain the existence of this pattern, as well as the variation in testosterone concentrations and dynamics within tropical populations of birds. We highlight additional social and life history variables that may need to be considered if we aim at gaining an integrated understanding of the ultimate factors that influence the relationship between hormonal signals and behavioral traits in natural populations. Understanding the ecological factors that influence circulating hormone concentrations will be an important first step in our understanding of the evolutionary processes that are at the basis of variations in hormone-behavior connections. Such findings should be supplemented by studies on functional aspects of the testosterone signal at the organismal and cellular level.