The median-radial type of superficial palmar arch: a case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION

The superficial palmar arch (SPA) of the hand is generally formed by the ulnar artery (UA) and superficial palmar branch of the radial artery (RA). Very rarely, however, the SPA is formed by the median artery (MA) and RA. This was termed the median-radial type (MRT) of SPA by Adachi in 1961 in Keen (Am. J. Anat. 108: 245–61).1 The recent use of the RA as a coronary artery bypass graft in myocardial revascularization makes the MRT of SPA clinically more significant.

The SPA is a direct continuation of the ulnar artery. Upon entering the palm, the ulnar artery curves laterally behind the palmar aponeurosis and in front of the long flexor tendons. The arch is completed on the lateral side by one of the branches of the RA, the superficial palmar branch, the arteria radialis indicis (ARI) or the princeps pollicis.2 According to Adachi in Keen (1961) there are 3 types of SPA: type I, or “ulnar”, has a minimal or absent contribution from the radial artery; type II, or “radio-ulnar”; and type III, or “median-ulnar”, in which the median artery is strong enough to irrigate the palm of the hand and be a part of the arch. The author also described a very rare type of SPA, where the MA anastomoses with the RA, resulting in a minimal or absent contribution from the ulnar artery (median-radial type of SPA).1

Although the radial and ulnar arteries provide the majority of the blood supply to the hand, additional circulation may come from the median artery or the interosseous arterial system3. Various anomalous patterns in the arterial arches have been studied, and a classification based on the relationship between the superficial branches of the RA and the UA has been proposed by various authors.4–9 The paucity of literature regarding the median-radial type of SPA makes additional case reports related to this variation particularly interesting for clinicians, surgeons and anatomists

CASE DESCRIPTION

During routine dissection, we observed a MRT of SPA in the right hand of a 67- year-old male cadaver. The SPA was formed by a joining of the MA with the ARI [The deep branch of the RA] (Fig. 1). We noted that the MA originated from the common interosseous artery (CIA) and pierced the median nerve in the distal third of the forearm as it approached the palm. Of the three common palmar digital arteries (CPDAs), only the radial-most CPDA originated from the SPA, while the remaining two CPDAs originated from the superficial branch of the UA. In addition, the proper palmar digital artery to the radial side of the index finger also originated from the SPA.

Figure 1

Ventral aspect of the distal third of the forearm and hand. Fr, flexor retinaculum; HE, hypothenar eminence; Ma, median artery; Mn, median nerve; RA, radial artery; TE, thenar eminence; UA, ulnar artery; 1 & 2, common palmar digital arteries originating from the ulnar artery; 3, common palmar digital arteries originating from the superficial palmar arch; 4, arteria radialis indicis; 5, proper palmar digital artery to the radial side of the index finger. Note that the black arrows indicate the superficial palmar arch.

DISCUSSION

Doppler and angiographic studies do not accurately assess small connecting vessels, and uncontrollable vasospasms and reactive vasodilatation following dye injection make interpretation of the angiograms unreliable. Thus, we must rely on anatomical studies in planning surgical procedures.9 New insights into the SPA, a dominant vascular structure of the palm of the hand, and recent advances in microsurgical techniques for the reconstruction of the hand have further increased its significance.

Jaschtschinski (1897) studied the SPA in 200 subjects and concluded that the superficial arch was absent in 32 patients. When the SPA was present, the distribution of types was: radio-ulnar, 27%; ulnar, 38%; medio-ulnar, 3%; and radio-medio-ulnar, 0.5%4.

The MA is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. Its persistence in the human adult has been recorded in two different patterns: as a small and short vessel (antebrachial type) that ends before reaching the wrist joint, and as a large, long vessel (palmar type) that reaches the hand.10 Sometimes, the palmar type of MA is also involved in forming the SPA. The medio-ulnar and radio-medio-ulnar types of SPA were the least common types among all the types of SPA observed by various authors. For example, Coleman and Anson (1961) found the medio-ulnar and radio-medio-ulnar types in only 3.8% and 1.2% of cases, respectively, of 650 hands studied.5 Similarly, Al-Turk and Metcalf (1984) found the same types of SPA in 4% and 2% of all hands, respectively, using a Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmete.r6 Ikeda et al. (1988) observed that the radio-medio-ulnar type of SPA was absent in their study, while the medio-ulnar type was found in only 0.9% of subjects.7 Tagil et al. (2007) showed an absence of both the medio-ulnar and radio-medio-ulnar types.9 However, Loukas et al. (2005) dissected 200 hands and observed very high percentages of the medio-ulnar type (15%) and radio-medio-ulnar type (6.1%) of SPA.8

Although the formation of the SPA by the MA and RA has been mentioned in the literature (Keen, 1961), its rate of occurrence in different populations is not yet known. Further study of the above types of SPA in different races will help to establish its rate of occurrence. The present case documenting a median-radial type of SPA is the first of its kind reported in the recent literature. Although this type of SPA occurs very rarely, surgeons and clinicians should be aware of such an SPA variation when the palm region is involved.