Effects of surfactants and electrolytes on adsorbed layers and particle stability.

Adsorbed polymer and polyelectrolyte layers on colloidal silica nanoparticles have been studied in the presence of various salts and surfactants using photon correlation spectroscopy and solvent relaxation NMR. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO; molar mass 103.6 kg mol (-1)) adsorbed with a relatively high affinity and gave a layer thickness of 4.2 +/- 0.2 nm. While the nonionic surfactant used only increased this thickness slightly, anionic surfactants had a much greater effect, mainly due to repulsions between adsorbed aggregates, leading to expansion of the layer. A nonionic/anionic surfactant mixture was also tested and resulted in a larger increase in layer thickness than any of the individual surfactants. The dominant factor on addition of salt was generally the reduced solvency of PEO, which resulted in a further increase in the layer thickness but in some cases caused flocculation. This was not the case when the surfactant was sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; instead screening of the intermicellar repulsions possibly combined with surfactant-cation binding resulted in a reduction in the layer thickness. In comparison the affinity between silica and sodium polystyrenesulfonate was very weak. Anionic surfactants and salts did not noticeably increase the strength of adsorption, but instead encouraged flocculation. The situation was different with a nonionic surfactant, which was able to adsorb to silica itself and apparently facilitated a degree of polyelectrolyte adsorption as well.