The future of cancer vaccines for non-small-cell lung cancer: ongoing trials.

Lung cancer represents one of the malignancies in which the 3 elements of conventional therapy (ie, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) have limited effectiveness in curbing progressive disease. In this context, there is burgeoning interest in the use of vaccine therapy as a nontoxic adjunct to increase the treatment success rates over those obtained with traditional regimens alone. Several clinical trials using a variety of vaccination strategies have been reported or are ongoing. In this review, we have provided an overview of these trials, with a special focus on the clinical efficacy of the vaccines. The future prospects and challenges of vaccine therapy in lung cancer have also been discussed.