OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severity of physical dependence on nicotine in a controlled study of adolescents and young adults with ADHD. STUDY DESIGN: In controlled longitudinal family studies of ADHD, we examined self-reports on the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) for degrees of physical dependence on nicotine. RESULTS: We obtained mFTQ data from 80 ADHD probands and 86 control probands (mean age, 19.2 years). The smokers with ADHD had significantly higher scores on the mFTQ, indicative of more severe physical dependence on nicotine. Similarly, in current smokers, a positive linear relationship was found between mFTQ score and both inattentive and hyperactive ADHD symptoms. Environmental factors, such as current parental smoking, peer smoking, and living with a smoker, all increased the risk for smoking in those with ADHD compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Male and female smokers with ADHD manifest more severe physical dependence on smoking compared with controls. Important environmental factors appear to add to the risk of smoking associated with ADHD.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severity of physical dependence on nicotine in a controlled study of adolescents and young adults with ADHD. STUDY DESIGN: In controlled longitudinal family studies of ADHD, we examined self-reports on the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) for degrees of physical dependence on nicotine. RESULTS: We obtained mFTQ data from 80 ADHD probands and 86 control probands (mean age, 19.2 years). The smokers with ADHD had significantly higher scores on the mFTQ, indicative of more severe physical dependence on nicotine. Similarly, in current smokers, a positive linear relationship was found between mFTQ score and both inattentive and hyperactive ADHD symptoms. Environmental factors, such as current parental smoking, peer smoking, and living with a smoker, all increased the risk for smoking in those with ADHD compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Male and female smokers with ADHD manifest more severe physical dependence on smoking compared with controls. Important environmental factors appear to add to the risk of smoking associated with ADHD.
Authors: James J McGough; Susan L Smalley; James T McCracken; May Yang; Melissa Del'Homme; Deborah E Lynn; Sandra Loo Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2005-09 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: E D Levin; C K Conners; E Sparrow; S C Hinton; D Erhardt; W H Meck; J E Rose; J March Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 1996-01 Impact factor: 4.530
Authors: J Biederman; S V Faraone; E Mick; S Williamson; T E Wilens; T J Spencer; W Weber; J Jetton; I Kraus; J Pert; B Zallen Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1999-08 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Marijn A Distel; Angela Carlier; Christel M Middeldorp; Catherine A Derom; Gitta H Lubke; Dorret I Boomsma Journal: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet Date: 2011-08-02 Impact factor: 3.568
Authors: William B Brinkman; Jeffery N Epstein; Peggy Auinger; Leanne Tamm; Tanya E Froehlich Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2014-12-02 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Scott H Kollins; Erin Schoenfelder; Joseph S English; F Joseph McClernon; Rachel E Dew; Scott D Lane Journal: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol Date: 2013-10 Impact factor: 3.157
Authors: Scott H Kollins; Joseph S English; Michelle E Roley; Benjamin O'Brien; Justin Blair; Scott D Lane; F Joseph McClernon Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 2012-12-18 Impact factor: 4.530