Recognition and plasma clearance of endotoxin by scavenger receptors.

Lipid A is the active moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also referred to as endotoxin), a surface component of Gram-negative bacteria that stimulates macrophage activation and causes endotoxic shock. Macrophages can bind, internalize and partially degrade LPS, lipid A and its bioactive precursor, lipid IVA. We report here that lipid IVA binding and subsequent metabolism to a less active form by macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells is mediated by the macrophage scavenger receptor. Scavenger-receptor ligands inhibit lipid IVA binding to, and metabolism by, RAW cells, and lipid IVA binds to type I and type II bovine scavenger receptors on transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although in vitro competition studies with RAW cells indicate that scavenger receptor binding is not involved in LPS or lipid IVA-induced stimulation of macrophages, in vivo studies show that scavenger-receptor ligands greatly inhibit hepatic uptake of lipid IVA in mice. Thus, scavenger receptors expressed on macrophages may have an important role in the clearance and detoxification of endotoxin in animals.