Twist is required for thrombin-induced tumor angiogenesis and growth.

Twist, a master regulator of embryonic morphogenesis, induces functions that are also required for tumor invasion and metastasis. Because thrombin contributes to the malignant phenotype by up-regulating tumor metastasis, we examined its effect on Twist in five different tumor cell lines and two different endothelial cell lines. Thrombin up-regulated Twist mRNA and protein in all seven cell lines. Down-regulation of Twist in B16F10 tumor cell lines led to a approximately 3-fold decrease in tumor growth on a chorioallantoic membrane assay and approximately 2-fold decrease in syngeneic mice. Angiogenesis was decreased approximately 45% and 36%, respectively. The effect of Twist on angiogenesis was further examined and compared with the effect of thrombin. In studies using a Twist-inducible plasmid, several identical vascular growth factors and receptors were up-regulated approximately 2- to 3-fold in tumor cells as well as human umbilical vascular endothelial cells by both Twist as well as thrombin (vascular endothelial growth factor, KDR, Ang-2, matrix metalloproteinase 1, GRO-alpha, and CD31). Thrombin-induced endothelial cell chemotaxis and Matrigel endothelial cell tubule formation were similarly regulated by Twist. Thus, thrombin up-regulates Twist, which is required for thrombin-induced angiogenesis as measured by endothelial cell migration, Matrigel tubule formation, and tumor angiogenesis.