Factors affecting the natural duration of diapause and post-diapause development in the Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Sesamia nonagrioides responds to photoperiod for diapause termination at high temperature with a Type II response curve, and only photoperiods longer than 12:12 terminate diapause. However, these photoperiods never occur in the field when diapausing larvae are competent to terminate diapause. Under a temperature similar to the natural field temperatures diapause terminates spontaneously in approximately 4 months, which ensures that the larvae reach the middle of winter without pupation. S. nonagrioides larvae pupate after going through a specific number of light-dark cycles or days: the required day number (RDN) for diapause completion. This RDN could be modulated by temperature but more research is necessary to clarify this point. In post-diapause development, when a suitable temperature threshold is considered, the absolute accumulation of heat is more important than whether the temperature received is fluctuating or constant. The temperature threshold for diapause and post-diapause development was lower than the temperature threshold of larvae in continuous development. This is important for adjusting phenological models in S. nonagrioides and in other species, and may explain why in many cases adults appear in the field when the supposed temperature threshold for development has not been attained.