New materials for tissue engineering: towards greater control over the biological response.

One goal of tissue engineering is to replace lost or compromised tissue function, and an approach to this is to control the interplay between materials (scaffolds), cells and growth factors to create environments that promote the regeneration of functional tissues and organs. An increased understanding of the chemical signals that direct cell differentiation, migration and proliferation, advances in scaffold design and peptide engineering that allow this signaling to be recapitulated and the development of new materials, such as DNA-based and stimuli-sensitive polymers, have recently given engineers enhanced control over the chemical properties of a material and cell fate. Additionally, the immune system, which is often overlooked, has been shown to play a beneficial role in tissue repair, and future endeavors in material design will potentially expand to include immunomodulation.