BACKGROUND: The influence of sleep on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) has not been well documented. HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to develop a noninvasive method of electrode placement for recording the EEG in horses and to establish normal EEG parameters for the various states of vigilance. Findings are compared with previously published reports on equine sleep based on electrocorticography (ECoG). ANIMALS: Five neurologically normal horses. METHODS: Overnight EEGs were recorded digitally in association with simultaneous videotaping of the horses' behavior. Data were analyzed by visual inspection, states of vigilance were identified, and representative segments were quantitatively processed. Transient EEG events were examined. RESULTS: Slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly different (P < .05) in frequency and power from drowsiness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Second-degree heart block was associated with SWS as were transient events commonly recognized in EEGs of humans. Drowsiness and REM sleep were similar. In both, background activity was low-amplitude beta activity admixed with prominent activity of approximately 4 Hz. Standing REM sleep was associated with numerous partial collapses in 1 horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Normative data for several states were described and probable benign variants identified. This information will serve as control data for sedative and anesthetic studies in this species. The sleep patterns observed during this study are those of horses removed from their usual surroundings, and thus may represent those encountered in a clinical environment.
BACKGROUND: The influence of sleep on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) has not been well documented. HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to develop a noninvasive method of electrode placement for recording the EEG in horses and to establish normal EEG parameters for the various states of vigilance. Findings are compared with previously published reports on equine sleep based on electrocorticography (ECoG). ANIMALS: Five neurologically normal horses. METHODS: Overnight EEGs were recorded digitally in association with simultaneous videotaping of the horses' behavior. Data were analyzed by visual inspection, states of vigilance were identified, and representative segments were quantitatively processed. Transient EEG events were examined. RESULTS: Slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly different (P < .05) in frequency and power from drowsiness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Second-degree heart block was associated with SWS as were transient events commonly recognized in EEGs of humans. Drowsiness and REM sleep were similar. In both, background activity was low-amplitude beta activity admixed with prominent activity of approximately 4 Hz. Standing REM sleep was associated with numerous partial collapses in 1 horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Normative data for several states were described and probable benign variants identified. This information will serve as control data for sedative and anesthetic studies in this species. The sleep patterns observed during this study are those of horses removed from their usual surroundings, and thus may represent those encountered in a clinical environment.
Authors: Monica Aleman; Rui Zhang; Wei Feng; Lihong Qi; Jose R Lopez; Chelsea Crowe; Yao Dong; Genady Cherednichenko; Isaac N Pessah Journal: Mol Pharmacol Date: 2020-08-06 Impact factor: 4.436
Authors: D C Williams; M R Aleman; R J Brosnan; D J Fletcher; T A Holliday; B Tharp; P H Kass; E P Steffey; R A LeCouteur Journal: J Vet Intern Med Date: 2015-09-16 Impact factor: 3.333
Authors: D C Williams; R J Brosnan; D J Fletcher; M Aleman; T A Holliday; B Tharp; P H Kass; R A LeCouteur; E P Steffey Journal: J Vet Intern Med Date: 2015-12-30 Impact factor: 3.333
Authors: Nadine Gravett; Adhil Bhagwandin; Robert Sutcliffe; Kelly Landen; Michael J Chase; Oleg I Lyamin; Jerome M Siegel; Paul R Manger Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-03-01 Impact factor: 3.240