Effect of formulation factors on incorporation of the hydrophilic peptide dalargin into PLGA and mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles.

The objective of this study was to examine formulation factors that influence the incorporation of the hydrophilic peptide dalargin into poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG)-PLGA nanoparticles. In particular, the effect of ionic additives and nanoparticle method of preparation on the incorporation of dalargin and resultant nanoparticle properties was investigated. Biodegradable nanoparticles were prepared from mPEG-PLGA and PLGA by both solvent evaporation and solvent diffusion methods with inclusion of ionic additives of dextran sulphate (DS), sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SB-CD), or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The resultant nanoparticles were analyzed for their mean particle size and size distribution, zeta-potential, peptide loading, yield, and morphology. The inclusion of ionic additives in the nanoparticle formulation significantly influenced dalargin entrapment efficiency (EE). For example, with the PLGA/SDS formulation EE increased from 13.3% to 91.2% and from 4.1% to 68.6% with the solvent diffusion and evaporation methods, respectively. The inclusion of ionic surfactant SDS has also lead to the formation of smaller size of nanoparticles. Isothermal titration microcalorimetry revealed a strong interaction between dalargin and DS, medium level interaction with SDS, and weak interaction with SB-CD. The results of this study suggest that a strong ionic interaction between peptides and additives may lead to enhanced peptide incorporation but also increased particle size. Intermediate ionic interaction, especially when it is associated with the formation of reversed micelles in a hydrophobic polymer solution, could be used to enhance the incorporation of hydrophilic peptides in PLGA and mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.