OBJECTIVE: To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination. METHODS: A population-based prospective surveillance design was used. Study sites where typhoid was considered a problem by local authorities were established in China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. Standardized clinical, laboratory, and surveillance methods were used to investigate cases of fever of >or= 3 days' duration for a one-year period. A total of 441,435 persons were under surveillance, 159,856 of whom were aged 5-15 years. FINDINGS: A total of 21,874 episodes of fever were detected. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 475 (2%) blood cultures, 57% (273/475) of which were from 5-15 year-olds. The annual typhoid incidence (per 100,000 person years) among this age group varied from 24.2 and 29.3 in sites in Viet Nam and China, respectively, to 180.3 in the site in Indonesia; and to 412.9 and 493.5 in sites in Pakistan and India, respectively. Altogether, 23% (96/413) of isolates were multidrug resistant (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). CONCLUSION: The incidence of typhoid varied substantially between sites, being high in India and Pakistan, intermediate in Indonesia, and low in China and Viet Nam. These findings highlight the considerable, but geographically heterogeneous, burden of typhoid fever in endemic areas of Asia, and underscore the importance of evidence on disease burden in making policy decisions about interventions to control this disease.
OBJECTIVE: To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination. METHODS: A population-based prospective surveillance design was used. Study sites where typhoid was considered a problem by local authorities were established in China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. Standardized clinical, laboratory, and surveillance methods were used to investigate cases of fever of >or= 3 days' duration for a one-year period. A total of 441,435 persons were under surveillance, 159,856 of whom were aged 5-15 years. FINDINGS: A total of 21,874 episodes of fever were detected. Salmonella typhi was isolated from 475 (2%) blood cultures, 57% (273/475) of which were from 5-15 year-olds. The annual typhoid incidence (per 100,000 person years) among this age group varied from 24.2 and 29.3 in sites in Viet Nam and China, respectively, to 180.3 in the site in Indonesia; and to 412.9 and 493.5 in sites in Pakistan and India, respectively. Altogether, 23% (96/413) of isolates were multidrug resistant (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). CONCLUSION: The incidence of typhoid varied substantially between sites, being high in India and Pakistan, intermediate in Indonesia, and low in China and Viet Nam. These findings highlight the considerable, but geographically heterogeneous, burden of typhoid fever in endemic areas of Asia, and underscore the importance of evidence on disease burden in making policy decisions about interventions to control this disease.
Authors: Dipika Sur; Byomkesh Manna; Alok K Deb; Jacqueline L Deen; M Carolina Danovaro-Holliday; Lorenz von Seidlein; John D Clemens; Sujit K Bhattacharya Journal: J Health Popul Nutr Date: 2004-06 Impact factor: 2.000
Authors: H H Yang; C G Wu; G Z Xie; Q W Gu; B R Wang; L Y Wang; H F Wang; Z S Ding; Y Yang; W S Tan; W Y Wang; X C Wang; M Qin; J H Wang; H A Tang; X M Jiang; Y H Li; M L Wang; S L Zhang; G L Li Journal: Bull World Health Organ Date: 2001 Impact factor: 9.408
Authors: I L Acharya; C U Lowe; R Thapa; V L Gurubacharya; M B Shrestha; M Cadoz; D Schulz; J Armand; D A Bryla; B Trollfors Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 1987-10-29 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: F Y Lin; V A Ho; H B Khiem; D D Trach; P V Bay; T C Thanh; Z Kossaczka; D A Bryla; J Shiloach; J B Robbins; R Schneerson; S C Szu Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2001-04-26 Impact factor: 176.079
Authors: Shousun C Szu; Steven Hunt; Guilin Xie; John B Robbins; Rachel Schneerson; Rajesh K Gupta; Zhigang Zhao; Xiaomei Tan Journal: Vaccine Date: 2013-02-17 Impact factor: 3.641