Bubble-free operation of a microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis chip with integrated Pt electrodes.

In order to ensure a stable and efficient separation in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) devices, various methods and chips have been presented until now. A major concern hereby is the generation of gas bubbles caused by electrolysis and the resulting disturbances in the position of the separated analyte lanes. Instable lane positions would lead to a decreased resolution in sample collection over time which certainly would be problematic when incorporating a stationary detector system. In contrast to our previous publications, in which we implemented laborious semipermeable membranes to keep bubbles outside the separation region, here we describe an electrochemical approach to suppress the electrolysis of water molecules and therefore bubble formation. This approach allowed a simpler and additionally a closed chip device with integrated platinum electrodes. With the use of this chip, the successful separation of three fluorescent compounds was demonstrated. Quinhydrone, which is a complex of hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone, was added only to the local flow streams along the electrodes, preventing mixing with the separation media and sample. The electrical current was generated via the oxidization and reduction of hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone up to a certain limit of the electrical current without gas formation. The separation stability was investigated for the chip with and without quinhydrone, and the results clearly indicated the improvement. In contrast to the device operating without quinhydrone, a 2.5-fold increase in resolution was achieved. Furthermore, separation was demonstrated within tens of milliseconds. This chemical approach with its high miniaturization possibilities offers an interesting alternative, in particular for low-current miniaturized FFE systems, in which large and open electrode reservoirs are not tolerable.