Women in the time of AIDS: barriers, bargains, and benefits.

We comment here on the implications of new HIV prevention technologies (physical and chemical barriers) for women's health and women's rights. Four relevant themes are selected that have emerged in the social and behavioral science literature: structural factors (global and national) limiting the availability of female condoms, control and empowerment with female-initiated HIV prevention technologies, covert use of female-initiated HIV prevention technologies, and male partners as part of the bargain for barriers. There is now a rich and diverse literature on all of these issues, relevant and informative (much is addressed in this issue), which we draw together in this commentary. Discussion of these themes suggests guidelines for policy, research, and action. First, the misconceptions, biases, and prejudices of global and national leaders, including donors, necessitate that we persevere in presenting data to them and engaging them in discussion. Second, we need to support women within their local social contexts to negotiate for their rights, balancing pragmatic approaches to their partners in their initiation of protection, and applying according to each situation as appropriate, a continuum from discretion and clandestine use to deception. Third, men have to be brought in as active participants, and their positive and negative experiences and interests inserted into practices and policies.