[Three case-reports of viperin envenoming in Morocco].

Snake bites are responsible for a high mortality rate in Africa. Problems for the early care of the victims are many. We published three observations of Moroccan typical viperin severe envenomings (rapidly extensive edema, necrosis, haemorrhagic shock) are presented. The overall mortality of those bites is 4%. In the Maghreb, viperin syndromes are the result of the lebetin viper (Vipera lebetina), the horned viper or sand viper (Cerastes cerastes), sometimes Bitis or Echis sp. Immunotherapy remains effective against haemorrhage, even when administered late, in severe disease (bleeding). Death remains inevitable if antivenin is not being administered or if it is at the stage of multiorgan failure. Heparin is contra-indicated in the acute context, but at distance from the bite, the persistence of inflammatory syndrome can cause phlebitis or pulmonary embolism. Fresh frozen plasma and corticosteroids are ineffective and unnecessary. Signs of gravity are rapidly extensive swelling and systemic manifestations, particularly bleeding. The severity of poisoning is related to the difficulties of access to health centers, the use of traditional medicine for more than half of the victims, the lack of training of caregivers, finally and most importantly, the lack of antivenomous serum,that is not within reach of prescribing at the appropriate places and times. Despite its cost and allergic risk (become rare with the current serums), immunotherapy which is the only weapon effective against the venom, should be part of emergency essential drugs.