High prevalence of infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary haemorrhage.

The main objective of this study is to describe the presence of infections in patients with pulmonary haemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary haemorrhage were thoroughly evaluated in the first 48 hours with imaging plus bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar fluid analysis. If needed, videoassisted thoracoscopy and lung biopsy were performed too. In all, search for bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal infections proceeded. Appropriate blood, bronchoalveolar fluid and tissue cultures were taken. Patients were treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids in case of infection. Otherwise, they received initial intravenous methylprednsiolone pulses for 3 days as standard therapy for pulmonary haemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Additional treatment with immunosuppressives was further decided by the treating physicians. Fourteen events in 13 patients were evaluated. In eight events (57%), an infection was demonstrated. Aetiological agents included Pseudomonas sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Four patients died, three of them because of the pulmonary infection and one because of cerebral haemorrhage secondary to severe systemic hypertension, 48 hours after methylprednisolone treatment. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary haemorrhage have a high prevalence of infections. The influence of pulmonary haemorrhage in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus needs further study to establish adequate treatment and to reduce the high mortality of this complication.