Fluid and electrolyte therapy in endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism.

Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, and acute adrenal crisis are life-threatening endocrine emergencies that have marked effects on fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Rapid identification of these disorders and aggressive therapy to correct fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances are crucial to a successful outcome for the patient. An understanding of the pathophysiology behind the development of these endocrine disorders helps to guide therapy and improves the clinical outcome.