A frequency-based characterization of spiccato bowing in violin performance.

Performance of instrumental music requires high precision and the automisation of motor control to free the performer to focus on the artistic outcome. To acquire this high skill, training is experience-based, involves one-on-one instruction, and requires long hours of repetitive practice. This approach is consistent with a traditional model of vocational apprenticeship. Practice habits and long hours associated with training have been identified as sometimes contributing to high rates of vocational injury among musicians. This study explores violin performance, identifying generalizable perceptual markers to bridge the gap between science and experience in pedagogical methodology. Kinematic data were collected using 3-D motion capture. Dynamic modeling was used to specify internal loads. Eleven professional-level musicians were tested, ranging in age from 21 to 47 years (M = 36 yr., SD = 6). The study identified several motor-learning markers, speed-dependent motor control phases (increasing effort, optimization, and approaching physiological limits), string-dependent motor control, and an unexpected sympathetic resonance between the two arms, notwithstanding their very different functions. This study suggests that instrumental performance could be aided by identifying markers related to musical outcomes, performers' perceptions, and motor skill acquisition.