OBJECTIVES: To isolate and quantify reflex and nonreflex components of the spastic ankle plantarflexors in hemiplegia poststroke and to correlate them with clinical measures of spasticity, which may involve hyperactive stretch reflex and/or increased joint stiffness. DESIGN: To investigate reflex and nonreflex properties associated with spasticity in a case-control manner. SETTING: Research laboratory in a rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Hemiplegic patients (n=17) and the same number of healthy subjects. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tendon reflexes of spastic muscles were evaluated under an isometric condition, which essentially eliminated passive viscoelastic contributions associated with limb movement. Nonreflex components of spasticity were evaluated by moving the ankle joint slowly, which minimized reflex actions. The reflex and nonreflex measures were investigated and correlated with each other and with clinical measures. RESULTS: Compared with healthy subjects, patients with stroke showed a lower reflex threshold, higher electromyographic gains, and torque reflex gains, indicating hyperactive reflexes. For nonreflex properties, ankles of stroke patients showed higher stiffness, reduced range of motion (ROM), and larger resistant torque at comparable positions, reflecting peripheral soft-tissue changes at the ankle of the chronic stroke patients. Furthermore, the clinical reflex score correlated with all of the quantitative reflex measures but not with the nonreflex measures, whereas the dorsiflexion ROM showed a significant correlation with a nonreflex measure. The Modified Ashworth Scale was correlated with all of the reflex measures and 1 of the nonreflex measures. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive and convenient evaluation of spasticity should be performed quantitatively with the separate measures of reflex and nonreflex components, especially in chronic conditions. With proper simplifications, the current method of separate quantification can potentially be used for convenient clinical evaluations of spasticity.
OBJECTIVES: To isolate and quantify reflex and nonreflex components of the spastic ankle plantarflexors in hemiplegia poststroke and to correlate them with clinical measures of spasticity, which may involve hyperactive stretch reflex and/or increased joint stiffness. DESIGN: To investigate reflex and nonreflex properties associated with spasticity in a case-control manner. SETTING: Research laboratory in a rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Hemiplegic patients (n=17) and the same number of healthy subjects. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tendon reflexes of spastic muscles were evaluated under an isometric condition, which essentially eliminated passive viscoelastic contributions associated with limb movement. Nonreflex components of spasticity were evaluated by moving the ankle joint slowly, which minimized reflex actions. The reflex and nonreflex measures were investigated and correlated with each other and with clinical measures. RESULTS: Compared with healthy subjects, patients with stroke showed a lower reflex threshold, higher electromyographic gains, and torque reflex gains, indicating hyperactive reflexes. For nonreflex properties, ankles of strokepatients showed higher stiffness, reduced range of motion (ROM), and larger resistant torque at comparable positions, reflecting peripheral soft-tissue changes at the ankle of the chronic strokepatients. Furthermore, the clinical reflex score correlated with all of the quantitative reflex measures but not with the nonreflex measures, whereas the dorsiflexion ROM showed a significant correlation with a nonreflex measure. The Modified Ashworth Scale was correlated with all of the reflex measures and 1 of the nonreflex measures. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive and convenient evaluation of spasticity should be performed quantitatively with the separate measures of reflex and nonreflex components, especially in chronic conditions. With proper simplifications, the current method of separate quantification can potentially be used for convenient clinical evaluations of spasticity.
Authors: Sarah Eby; Heng Zhao; Pengfei Song; Barbara J Vareberg; Randall Kinnick; James F Greenleaf; Kai-Nan An; Shigao Chen; Allen W Brown Journal: Am J Phys Med Rehabil Date: 2016-12 Impact factor: 2.159
Authors: Carol J Mottram; Nina L Suresh; C J Heckman; Monica A Gorassini; William Z Rymer Journal: J Neurophysiol Date: 2009-07-08 Impact factor: 2.714
Authors: Erwin de Vlugt; Jurriaan H de Groot; Kim E Schenkeveld; J Hans Arendzen; Frans C T van der Helm; Carel G M Meskers Journal: J Neuroeng Rehabil Date: 2010-07-27 Impact factor: 4.262
Authors: Hanneke J M van der Krogt; Carel G M Meskers; Jurriaan H de Groot; Asbjørn Klomp; J Hans Arendzen Journal: J Neuroeng Rehabil Date: 2012-08-27 Impact factor: 4.262