Characterization of mercury species in soils by HPLC-ICP-MS and measurement of fraction removed by diffusive gradient in thin films.

The properties and behaviour of Hg depend on both the oxidation state and the chemical form: the bioavailability, toxicity, persistence and accumulation of mercury in the food web are strongly influenced by chemical speciation. The present work aims to determine the chemical forms of mercury present in soil and to evaluate the fraction of mercury in soil solution available to plants. In order to do this, we analyzed eight samples of contaminated soils with Hg concentrations ranging from 1.31 to 21.7 mg kg(-1), collected from different depths (0-10 and 40-50 cm) close to an abandoned industrial site in Val Basento (southern Italy). Two innovative analytical techniques were used: HPLC-ICP-MS and diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT). The analytical procedure was validated using ERM 580-certified sediment and spiked samples in the case of HPLC-ICP-MS, and by a performance test in the case of DGT. In all samples, the only species found in soil and soil solution was MeHg(+) and Hg(2+). In soil, the MeHg(+)/Hg(tot) ratio ranged from 0.05% to 0.82%; total mercury in soil solution was less than 0.01% of total mercury in soil. The percentage of MeHg(+) in soil solution varied considerably (from 0% to 50%), with a maximum concentration of 0.02 mg L(-1). The root available concentration evaluated by DGT is comparable to the total mercury content of the soil solution measured by HPLC-ICP-MS. The DGT results suggest that all mercury in solution is available for uptake in DGT, and that mercury is supplied from soil to solution. However, for all samples the soluble and root available (DGT-labile) fractions of mercury are generally very low with respect to the total mercury concentration. This study confirmed that both HPLC-ICP-MS and DGT techniques are suitable tools for the estimation of Hg root availability and in assessing the risk from contaminated soils.