Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in renal pathophysiology: Janus faces.

A number of pathophysiological insults lead to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cause ER stress. In response to accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins, cells adapt themselves to the stress condition via the unfolded protein response (UPR). For the cells, UPR is a double-edged sword. It triggers both prosurvival and proapoptotic signals. ER stress and UPR may, therefore, be involved in a diverse range of pathological situations. However, currently, information is limited regarding roles of ER stress and UPR in the renal pathophysiology. This review describes current knowledge on the relationship between ER stress and diseases and summarizes evidence for the link between ER stress/UPR and renal diseases.