Immunosensors for detection of pesticide residues.

Immunosensors are biosensors that use antibodies or antigens as the specific sensing element and provide concentration-dependent signals. There is great potential in the applications of immunosensing technologies for rapid detection of pesticide residues in food and environment. This paper presents an overview of various transduction systems, such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and nanomechanics methods, which have been reported in the literature in the design and fabrication of immunosensors for pesticide detection. Various immobilization protocols used for formation of a biorecognition interface are also discussed. In addition, techniques of regeneration, signal amplification, miniaturization, and antibodies are evaluated for the development and applications of these immunosensors. It can be concluded that despite some limitations of the immunosensing technologies, these immuosensors for pesticide monitoring are becoming more and more relevant in environmental and food analysis.