Development of a transient expression system in grapevine via agro-infiltration.

Transient expression of genes using Agrobacterium is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function in plants. We have developed this method for the analysis of genes involved in disease resistance in grapevine leaves. Our research showed that the quality of the plant material, the plant genotype used for agro-infiltration and the presence of additional virulence factors (carried on plasmid pCH32) in the Agrobacterium strain are all important factors for success of the procedure. After optimising these factors, we consistently achieve sufficient acceptable levels of expression of the markers beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) using vacuum infiltration of grapevine leaves from plants grown in vitro. We used this procedure to investigate the proposed role of stilbenes in defense against grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) by transiently overexpressing stilbene synthase in grapevine leaves, before infection with P. viticola. We found that agro-infiltration itself induces the synthesis of stilbenes in grapevine leaves, thus preventing us to test the effect of the overexpression of stilbene synthase in defense. However, our results revealed that agro-infiltration before P. viticola inoculation had an effect on the development of the infection. Further research is required to show whether stilbenes or some other factor are the causal agent restricting pathogen development. The method described here provides and excellent tool to exploit at the many grapevine genomic resources now available, and will contribute to a better understanding of many areas of grapevine biology.