Towards a better understanding of sewer exfiltration.

This paper gives a full review of the importance of sewer leakage, which has received increased attention throughout the last decades. Despite the intensive interdisciplinary research that has been invested, its magnitude is still unclear and a comprehensive solution for the assessment of sewer exfiltration does not seem to be at hand. However, given that mechanisms of exfiltration and the factors influencing its extent are similar all over the world, it seems possible to develop a generic leakage approach. Several methods for modelling sewer leakage are reviewed and the available measuring techniques are critically evaluated. Based on this evaluation, we suggest a unifying framework to facilitate focused model building. Specifically, we identify open research questions and propose to (i) standardise measurement results to enable better understanding, (ii) perform more long-term experiments under realistic field conditions, and (iii) assess the uncertainty of measurement and model results so that findings are not over-interpreted.