Novel analytical methods for the determination of steroid hormones in edible matrices.

This paper reviews recently published multi-residue chromatographic methods for the determination of steroid hormones in edible matrices. After a brief introduction on steroid hormones and their use in animal fattening, the most relevant EU legislation regarding the residue control of these substances is presented. An overview of multi-residue analytical methods, covering sample extraction and purification as well as chromatographic separation and different detection methods, being in use for the determination of steroid hormones (estrogens, gestagens and androgens), is provided to illustrate common trends and method variability. Emphasis was laid on edible matrices and more specifically on meat, liver, kidney, fat and milk. Additionally, the possibilities of novel analytical approaches are discussed. The review also covers specific attention on the determination of natural steroids. Finally, the analytical possibilities for phytosterols, naturally occurring steroid analogues of vegetable origin and a specific group of steroid hormones with a hemi-endogenous status are highlighted.