BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a serious worldwide public health problem, but data from developing countries are extremely limited. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 13,925 adults in Beijing, China. PREDICTORS: Age (18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and >70 years), sex, urban or rural area, history of chronic respiratory infection and cardiovascular disease, hepatitis B virus infection, smoking, family history (diabetes, hypertension, and CKD), nephrotoxic medications, central obesity, diabetic and hypertension status, and dyslipidemia. OUTCOMES AND MEASUREMENTS: CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or markers of kidney damage. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by using calibrated serum creatinine level and a formula specific for China. Persistent albuminuria and hematuria were considered markers of kidney damage. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD in adults in Beijing was 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9 to 14.2). It therefore was estimated that the number of adults in Beijing with CKD was 1.43 million. In subjects aged 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and older than 70 years, prevalences of CKD were 10.0% (95% CI, 8.9 to 11.3), 14.2% (95% CI, 13.0 to 15.4), 20.8% (95% CI, 18.1 to 23.9), and 30.5% (95% CI, 26.6 to 34.7), respectively. Factors independently associated with decreased kidney function included older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.22 per 10-year increase), nephrotoxic medications (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.97), rural area (versus urban area; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.78), history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.38), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 6.51), and hypertension status (with duration > 10 years; OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.88). LIMITATIONS: Kidney function and indicators of kidney damage were based on single measurements. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is a public health burden in Beijing.
BACKGROUND:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a serious worldwide public health problem, but data from developing countries are extremely limited. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 13,925 adults in Beijing, China. PREDICTORS: Age (18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and >70 years), sex, urban or rural area, history of chronic respiratory infection and cardiovascular disease, hepatitis B virus infection, smoking, family history (diabetes, hypertension, and CKD), nephrotoxic medications, central obesity, diabetic and hypertension status, and dyslipidemia. OUTCOMES AND MEASUREMENTS: CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or markers of kidney damage. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by using calibrated serum creatinine level and a formula specific for China. Persistent albuminuria and hematuria were considered markers of kidney damage. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD in adults in Beijing was 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9 to 14.2). It therefore was estimated that the number of adults in Beijing with CKD was 1.43 million. In subjects aged 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 69, and older than 70 years, prevalences of CKD were 10.0% (95% CI, 8.9 to 11.3), 14.2% (95% CI, 13.0 to 15.4), 20.8% (95% CI, 18.1 to 23.9), and 30.5% (95% CI, 26.6 to 34.7), respectively. Factors independently associated with decreased kidney function included older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.22 per 10-year increase), nephrotoxic medications (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.97), rural area (versus urban area; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.78), history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.38), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 6.51), and hypertension status (with duration > 10 years; OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.88). LIMITATIONS: Kidney function and indicators of kidney damage were based on single measurements. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is a public health burden in Beijing.
Authors: Catherine Kim; Ana C Ricardo; Edward J Boyko; Costas A Christophi; Marinella Temprosa; Karol E Watson; Xavier Pi-Sunyer; Rita R Kalyani Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2019-04-01 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Lesley A Stevens; Suying Li; Changchun Wang; Cindy Huang; Bryan N Becker; Andrew S Bomback; Wendy Weinstock Brown; Nilka Ríos Burrows; Claudine T Jurkovitz; Samy I McFarlane; Keith C Norris; Michael Shlipak; Adam T Whaley-Connell; Shu-Cheng Chen; George L Bakris; Peter A McCullough Journal: Am J Kidney Dis Date: 2010-03 Impact factor: 8.860
Authors: Brian Bieber; Jiaqi Qian; Shuchi Anand; Yucheng Yan; Nan Chen; Mia Wang; Mei Wang; Li Zuo; Fan Fan Hou; Ronald L Pisoni; Bruce M Robinson; Sylvia P B Ramirez Journal: Nephrol Dial Transplant Date: 2013-12-08 Impact factor: 5.992