L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: cellular mechanisms and approaches to treatment.

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common complication of the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and its precise mechanisms have long remained unknown. Rodent models of LID provide a tool to dissect the impact of specific factors on the development and expression of dyskinetic movements. This short review will summarize recent findings from rodent studies that have consolidated and considerably expanded our mechanistic understanding of LID. Based on the experimental findings, the review will propose a chart of possible treatment options acting on different pathophysiological levels.