Environmental sensitivities of quartz oscillators.

The frequency, amplitude, and noise of the output signal of a quartz oscillator are affected by a large number of environmental effects. The physical basis for the sensitivity of precision oscillators to temperature, humidity, pressure, acceleration and vibration, magnetic field, electric field, load, and radiation is examined. The sensitivity of quartz oscillators to radiation is a very complex topic and poorly understood. Therefore, only a few general results are mentioned. The sensitivity to most external influences often varies significantly both from one oscillator type to another and from one unit of a given type to another. For a given unit, the sensitivity to one parameter often depends on the value of other parameters and on history. Representative sensitivity to the above parameters is given.