Smoking and mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer (JACC).

In the JACC study, risk of death with all cancers and all causes was found to be increased with active smoking,with and without dose-dependence, respectively. Death from both of the circulatory diseases was also adversely affected. The younger the age at commencing the habit, the greater the effect, with diminution after cessation. Regarding particular cancers, strong evidence was noted for the esophagus, liver, pancreas, lung and urothelium. Also links were apparent with gastric and gallbladder cancers and the breast in female ex-smokers. With passive smoking, the data were equivocal.