Trends and recent applications of matrix solid-phase dispersion.

Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is a sample-preparation technique with increasing acceptance in trace analysis of organic compounds using chromatographic and electro-driven separation techniques. It has been applied to the extraction and fractionation of a large number of substances from solid, semi-solid, and liquid matrices. Low sample and solvents consumption, straightforward application, and reduced cost, and its ability to simultaneously perform extraction and clean-up in a single step, are some of its major advantages. This review attempts to provide an updated, concise and critical overview on the latest trends and applications of MSPD, placing emphasis on comparison of its performance with that of other techniques, besides focusing on practical features to take into account depending on the nature of the sample and the properties of the analytes. Achievements, advantages, and limitations are discussed. The paper also highlights future challenges to be faced.