Inserting proteins into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane using the Sec and YidC translocases.

This Review describes the pathways that are used to insert newly synthesized proteins into the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria, and provides insight into the function of two of the evolutionarily conserved translocases that catalyse this process. These highly sophisticated translocases are responsible for decoding the topogenic sequences within membrane proteins that direct membrane protein insertion and orientation. The role of the Sec and YidC translocases in the folding of bacterial membrane proteins is also highlighted.