Calpain inhibition protects spinal motoneurons from the excitotoxic effects of AMPA in vivo.

Microdialysis perfusion of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in rat lumbar spinal cord produces severe motoneuron damage and consequently hindlimb paralysis. Here we studied the time course of the AMPA-induced neurodegenerative changes and motor alterations, and the protective effect of leupeptin, an inhibitor of calpain, a Ca(2+)-activated protease. Paralysis occurs at 4-6 h after AMPA perfusion, but cresyl violet staining showed that motoneuron damage starts at about 3 h and progresses until reaching 50% neuronal loss at 6 h and 90% loss at 12 h. In contrast, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry revealed that the enzyme is already decreased at 30 min after AMPA perfusion and practically disappears at 3 h. Microdialysis coperfusion of leupeptin with AMPA prevented the motor alterations and paralysis and remarkably reduced both the decrement in ChAT immunoreactivity and the loss of motoneurons. We conclude that an increased Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors activates calpain, and as a consequence ChAT content decreases earlier than other Ca(2+)-dependent processes, including the proteolytic activity of calpain, cause the death of motoneurons.