Ophthalmic features of craniosynostosis.

With the possible exception of aesthetic considerations, the visual system is more involved in craniosynostosis than any other. Changes may be an inherent feature of the pathologic process or occur as a secondary complication. Several of these are potentially devastating, resulting in substantial permanent impairment in visual function. Because these are avoidable if recognized and managed early, prompt involvement of an ophthalmologist in the care of children with craniosynostosis is essential. Improvement in the appearance of these cases cannot obscure the importance of functional problems. In particular, disc edema, optic atrophy, and progressive optic nerve dysfunction may accompany increased intracranial pressure even without evidence of hydrocephalus and even with apparently open fontanelles. Uncorrected refractive error (particularly anisometropia), strabismus, ptosis, and corneal exposure problems are an invitation to the development of amblyopia. If not reversed, this can lead to permanent visual disability. Proptosis and corneal exposure problems are a third potentially treatable cause of functional blindness. Early diagnosis and prompt care will hopefully continue to improve the prognosis for these increasingly treatable children.