Preventive strategies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Despite the improvement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) survival observed in the last decades, the long-term prognosis of these patients remains poor mainly due to complications of the disease and/or of its treatment. Therefore, in order to improve SLE prognosis, we should try to avoid long-term complications by adopting, early in the disease course, some strategies directed to prevent infections, atherosclerosis and cancer. Moreover, since it has been shown that autoantibodies appear before clinical manifestations in SLE, the question of whether or not asymptomatic individuals with a reliable positive serology should be treated arises. Other than advising these individuals to avoid sun exposure, drugs implicated in drug-induced lupus and cigarette smoking, the use of vitamin D and hydroxychloroquine could be considered. Finally, early SLE diagnosis has led to a modification of disease clinical spectrum at disease onset with an increased frequency of mild disease manifestations over severe ones. Thus great effort should be made in order to identify early in the disease course risk factors for the development of severe SLE manifestations. Finally patients with mild disease carrying factors predictive of severe manifestations should be treated more aggressively than we have done up to now.