QTL studies reveal little relevance of chilling-related seedling traits for yield in maize.

Prolonged low temperature phases and short-term cold spells often occur in spring during the crucial stages of early maize (Zea mays L.) development. The effect of low temperature-induced growth retardation at the seedling stage on final yield is poorly studied. Therefore, the aim was to identify genomic regions associated with morpho-physiological traits at flowering and harvest stage and their relationship to previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for photosynthesis and morpho-physiological traits from the same plants at seedling stage. Flowering time, plant height and shoot biomass components at harvest were measured in a dent mapping population for cold tolerance studies, which was sown in the Swiss Midlands in early and late spring in two consecutive years. Early-sown plants exhibited chilling stress during seedling stage, whereas late-sown plants grew under favorable conditions. Significant QTLs, which were stable across environments, were found for plant height and for the time of flowering. The QTLs for flowering were frequently co-localized with QTLs for plant height or ear dry weight. The comparison with QTLs detected at seedling stage revealed only few common QTLs. A pleiotropic effect was found on chromosome 3 which revealed that a good photosynthetic performance of the seedling under warm conditions had a beneficial effect on plant height and partially on biomass at harvest. However, a high chilling tolerance of the seedling seemingly had an insignificant or small negative effect on the yield.