Roles of the kallikrein/kinin system in the adaptive immune system.

This review deals with the effects of kinins, a family of octa- to decapeptides structurally related to bradykinin (BK), in adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss the experimental evidence that kinins may exert influence on multiple players of the immune system (i.e. macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes), and modulate the activation, proliferation, migration and effector functions of these cells. We also give an overview of the possible impact of kinins in human autoimmune diseases and corresponding animal models, with special emphasis on autoimmune neuroinflammation and arthritis. These studies indicate a possible immunomodulatory capacity of kinins beyond our current knowledge of kinin actions regarding the vascular system, and thus the way towards future therapeutic approaches.