Spectral tilt change in stop consonant perception.

There exists no clear understanding of the importance of spectral tilt for perception of stop consonants. It is hypothesized that spectral tilt may be particularly salient when formant patterns are ambiguous or degraded. Here, it is demonstrated that relative change in spectral tilt over time, not absolute tilt, significantly influences perception of /b/ vs /d/. Experiments consisted of burstless synthesized stimuli that varied in spectral tilt and onset frequency of the second formant. In Experiment 1, tilt of the consonant at voice onset was varied. In Experiment 2, tilt of the vowel steady state was varied. Results of these experiments were complementary and revealed a significant contribution of relative spectral tilt change only when formant information was ambiguous. Experiments 3 and 4 replicated Experiments 1 and 2 in an /aba/-/ada/ context. The additional tilt contrast provided by the initial vowel modestly enhanced effects. In Experiment 5, there was no effect for absolute tilt when consonant and vowel tilts were identical. Consistent with earlier studies demonstrating contrast between successive local spectral features, perceptual effects of gross spectral characteristics are likewise relative. These findings have implications for perception in nonlaboratory environments and for listeners with hearing impairment.