Hemostatic dysfunction associated with endocrine disorders as a major risk factor and cause of human morbidity and mortality: a comprehensive meta-review.

We review the association between disorders of endocrine function and hemostasis. The content of more than 570 review articles were appraised to provide the core of 81 key articles referenced in this chapter. The search method used MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases and the key words e NDOCRINE DYSFUNCTION, DIABETES, GRAVES' DISEASE, HYPOTHYROIDISM, HYPERTHYROIDISM, THYROTOXICOSIS, VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE, VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR, BLEEDING DISORDERS, PLATELETS DYSFUNCTION, HEMOSTASIS DYSFUNCTION, and REVIEW. Abnormalities of hemostasis, platelets, and endothelium and the presence of microparticles, abnormal expression of adhesion molecules, and elevated von Willebrand factor are all associated with cardiovascular disease and are also features of various endocrine disorders, including diabetes and its complications, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and various thyroid disorders. Related causes and associated factors, including obesity, alcohol, hyperlipidemia, omega fatty acids, vitamin D, serotonin, insulin-like growth factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and C-reactive protein, are also discussed in this review.