Increased life span in a polyphenic butterfly artificially selected for starvation resistance.

Starvation resistance is closely associated with fitness in natural populations of many organisms. It often co-varies with longevity and is a relevant target for understanding the evolution of aging. We selected for increased starvation resistance in the seasonally polyphenic butterfly Bicyclus anynana in a warm, wet-seasonal environment over 17 generations. We measured the response to selection for two selected lines compared to that of an unselected stock. Results show an increase in survival under adult starvation of 50%-100%. In addition, selection lines showed an increase in life span under normal adult feeding of 30%-50%. Female reproduction was changed toward laying fewer but larger eggs. The results indicate a sex-specific response to selection: females reallocated resources toward a more durable body, whereas males appeared to increase starvation resistance through changed metabolic rate. The phenotype produced by artificial selection resembles the form that occurs in the cool, dry-season environment, which suggests that selection has targeted the regulatory mechanisms for survival that are also involved in the suite of traits (including starvation resistance) central to the adaptive plastic response of this butterfly to seasonal conditions. In general, these results imply that the regulation of life span involves mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity.